Payroll Basics in Sap

Payroll Basics (PY-XX-BS)  PurposeThe Payroll is based on an international payroll driver. This payroll driver was modified for each country. The country-specific payroll drivers take the statutory and administrative regulations of a country into account. Since the payroll driver has a modular structure, you can use the Customizing functions to quickly modify the payroll procedure to meet the particular requirements of your enterprise. Process FlowWhen you access Payroll, the payroll driver calls the accompanying payroll schema, which consists of a sequence of functions.For each activity, the individual functions import data from internal tables and payroll relevant files. Payroll is then performed as follows:ResultAfter the payroll run, you can transfer the payroll results to Financial Accounting, or perform evaluations and create lists and statistics. **************************************************************************************************************Payroll Driver  De finitionProgram you use to run payroll.StructureFor each Payroll country version there is a country-specific payroll driver with the technical name RPCALCx0 or HxxCALC0: * For programs with the technical name RPCALCx0, the x is replaced with a country indicator, for example, D for Germany, F for France, or X for â€Å"Other countries†. * For programs with the technical name HxxCALC0, the xx is replaced with the ISO code of the respective country, for example MX for Mexico, or ID for Indonesia.The program RPCALCX0 (Payroll driver international) contains no data about tax and social insurance regulations for net remuneration calculation. The other payroll drivers contain this data. IntegrationA relevant country-specific personnel calculation schema, in which personnel caclulation rules and functions are stored, contain the steps that a payroll driver should perform during payroll. All data is stored in internal tables and saved in payroll-relevant files. *********************** *******************************************************Payroll Schema  DefinitionThe payroll schema contains calculation rules to be used by the payroll driver during payroll. SAP has developed country-specific schemas which are based on schema X000. With country-specific reports, the first character in the name refers to the country indicator (for example, D for Germany, F for France). StructureA schema consists of the following parts: * Initialization The system performs the following steps: * Updates the databases * Imports equired infotypes * Gross calculation of pay The system performs the following steps: * Processes basic data and time data * Queries off-cycle payroll runs * Reads payroll account of the last period accounted * Processes time data and calculates the individual gross values * Performs factoring * Net calculation of pay The system performs the following steps: * Calculates net remuneration * Performs bank transfersIntegrationAll data is stored in internal tabl es and saved in files with a cluster structure. ***************************************************************************************************************Payroll Relevant Files  DefinitionPayroll files contain data for payroll and payroll results. StructureThe system requires the following files for payroll: * Pnnnn (nnnn = number of the infotype) The Pnnnn files contain data that has been entered in the respective infotypes for an employee. * PCL1 The PCL1 file contains primary information, in other words, data from the master data and time recording systems. PCL2 The PCL2 file contains secondary information, in other words, derived data and all generated schemas. IntegrationWhen you start payroll, the system imports the relevant master data from the Pnnn files (for example, basic pay and tax class) and imports the time data from the PCL1 file to the IT table. The system imports the payroll results from the previous month from table ORT (for example, to form averages). The s ystem processes this data and saves the payroll results and generated schemas in the PLC2 file. *****************************************************************************************************Internal Tables for Payroll  DefinitionTables that are used for storing data during the payroll run. UseWithin Payroll, data is processed in internal tables that the system fills and reads during the payroll run. The system also changes the data in these tables during the payroll run. The results of processing are then available for other steps. The read and change access to these tables is enabled using functions that are executed in a personnel calculation schema and using operations that are executed in personnel calculation rules.StructureThe following are some of the tables used in all country versions for Payroll:Internal Tables for Payroll Table| Short text| Description| WPBP| Work Place/Basic Pay| Table WPBP is filled by the infotypes Actions (0000), Organizational Assignment (00 01), Planned Working Time (0007), Basic Pay (0008), and Cost Distribution (0027). It contains important organizational and payment-relevant data, and different partial period parameters. For more information on table WBPB, see Payment-Relevant Information in the Payroll Result. | RT| Results Table| Table RT contains the result wage types of the current period for which payroll is run.Data is transferred from table IT to table RT using the operation ADDWTE. | CRT| Cumulative Results Table| Table CRT contains the cumulations of wage types in table RT over a certain time period. | BT| Payment Information| Every entry in the Bank Transactions table (BT) of an employee, corresponds to a payment that was created in a payroll period for this employee. However, the employee is not necessarily the payment recipient of all payments. For more information on table BT, see Payment-Relevant Information in the Payroll Result. C0| Cost Distribution| Table C0 contains global information about the co st distribution for wage types. Certain costs can be distributed to other cost centers than the master cost center. The information is taken from the Cost Distribution infotype (0027). | C1| Cost Assignment from Different Infotypes| Table C1 contains information about the individual cost assignment for individual wage types. You can use the infotype Recurring Payments/Deductions (0014) and Additional Payments (0015) to assign the wage types to a cost center that is different to the employee's master cost center. V0| Variable Assignment| Table V0 contains various additional information about the wage types. | GRT| Output Table from Gross Part| Table GRT is table RT according to the gross amount in a split payroll schema. | ARRRS| Arrears| Table ARRRS contains deductions that could not be taken and so are transferred to the following period. | DDNTK| Deductions not taken| Table DDNTK contains deductions that could not be taken in the current period. | ACCR| Month End Accruals| Table A CCR contains special information on a posting period assignment for month end accruals. BENTAB| Benefits| Table BENTAB contains cumulations for certain benefits plans. | FUND| Financing| Table FUND contains information about fund commitments. This information is taken from HR Funds and Position Management. | AVERAGE| Frozen Averages| Table AVERAGE contains information about frozen averages. | MODIF| Modifiers| Table MODIF contains various modifiers that can be used as additional keys for access to Customizing tables. The system sets the modifiers in payroll with the function MOD (Determine Employee Groupings) and operation MODIF (Set Employee Groupings). VERSION| Information on Creation| Table VERSION contains creation data for the payroll result, for example the Release and payroll program. | PCL2| Update Information PCL2| Table PCL2 contains information about the last change access to a payroll result. | VERSC| Payroll Status Information| Table VERSC contains organizational inform ation about the payroll result. | STATUS| Status Indicator| Table STATUS contains eight different status indicators. | The system exports the data in these tables at the end of payroll processing in cluster tables in table PCL2 (RP cluster 2) using function EXPRT.The cluster tables are in a country-specific cluster, for example RD (Payroll result, Germany), on the database. In this way, the data is available for other processing steps, for example, evaluation. Other internal tables are not exported after the payroll run but are deleted, since they are only required during the payroll run. Internal tables for Payroll that are not exported Table| Short text| Description| IT| Input Table| During the payroll run table IT is filled with data that is to be processed. Data is transferred to table RT using operation ADDWTE.Table IT must be empty by the end of the payroll run or the personnel number is rejected. This is checked with the personnel calculation rule X070 (Cancel, if table is no t empty). | OT| Output Table| Table OT only exists temporarily during processing. If a personnel calculation rule is called using the PIT function, a loop is performed for wage types from table IT. The results are written to table OT using the operation ADDWT. At the end of the loop, table IT is restructured from table OT. | DT| Difference Table| Table DT is used to transfer retroactive accounting differences within retroactive chains. ORT| Old Results Table| Table ORT is table RT from the last payroll result (usually from the previous payroll period). Tables LRT and VORT are also formed from table ORT. | LRT| Last Results Table| Table LRT is table RT from the last payroll result (usually from the previous payroll period). It is formed from table ORT but only contains the wage types that are relevant to the current period and required often. This is controlled using personnel calculation rule X006, which reads processing class 06. | VORT| Summarized ORT| Table VORT is a version of t able ORT in which certain splits are eliminated. |

Religion as a conservative force Essay

There Christian churches manage to force their conservative values onto masses of people. But, within the last 100 years the Anglican church has been very progressive in that the stance the church has on a lot of modern issues has changed. The churches stance on abortion has changed from absolutely against God to acceptable in some cases. And, although they still see sex before marriage as wrong they are no longer as condemning about it. In this example religion as a conservative force is dying as modern values take over religion and religion can no longer reinstate traditional ones. In contrast the Roman Catholic church, while being Christian, is extremely conservative and hasn t changed its stance on most contempory issues. They still believe that abortion is wrong unless its harmful to the mother, that sex before marriage is wrong in all cases and that contraception is not allowed. The Catholic church is still incredibly prominent and important within many countries and so they view that religion is a conservative force is still true. When discussing whether religion is a conservative force it is really a discussion about different religious institutions being conservative. Within Christianity, different churches and interpretations differ greatly regarding being conservative or progressive. In its day, Protestantism was a very progressive force and Catholicism was very conservative, even though they both were Christian churches they were either conservative or progressive. Traditionally sects are not seen as a conservative force. Q. an values. There Christian churches manage to foAssess the view that religion is a conservative force. Religion can be defined in many different ways, from the traditional view of a belief in God, contrasting with the functionalist view that religion only needs to function and help people and does not require a God. Religion can also differ in size and beliefs and, especially in modern countries, how progressive or conservative they are. Conservative religion s religion which religion which conserves a countries values and norms. The Christian religion does this in many western countries as it embodies many of the values which those countries hold. According to functionalists and Durkheim, by religion holding these values it makes them more sacred and re-enforces these values. According to Parsons religion also generalises these values into society. The values which are generally preserved by religion in these countries are very conservative ones. This is where religion is against social change, maintaining the status quo. This is what functionalists see as necessary for keeping and creating social unity. However, this differs greatly from progressive religion. Religion which is progressive brings about change within societies and usually holds very little of the same values which the society does, and by doing so doesn t reinforce them. Religion which usually falls under the category of progressive religion is very New Age, but they do not all challenge the values in western countries. This is where religion helps social change. Churches such as the Anglican church within Christianity are incredibly traditionally and conservative in the way that they hold very much the same values which they held including the views on certain behaviours which they traditionally held. Churches such as the Christian churccts see themselves as progressive within society and institutions which challenge a country s norms instead of conforming to them or agreeing with them. The tend to be very New Age in their beliefs and deviate from traditional conservative religions not just in values but in the way they recruit, have a hierarchy and conduct religious business. As many traditional religions are loosing members sects are rapidly growing in size, and although many don t make it through the first few years, those which do have increasing popularity and manage to recruit members which are more willing to be a force within society. This is where religion is becoming an increasingly progressive force within societies. Many sects are even progressive with how they recruit members. As well as the traditional route of recruiting one-on-one they also do so online. This is a very progressive method as it differs greatly from the usual method of bringing people into religion from birth and ado lance generally through religious ceremony. But, not all sects to this. The increasingly common Christian sect within Britain and American ( ) recruits members from birth within families, instating their values from birth. So, sects sometimes are conservative but in different ways. This shows that even new religions can be conservative and that the force of conservative religion remains strong. Weber look into Protestants and social change found that religion did result in the change of values and norms within British society at the time. Protestantism changed laws and made things such as dancing illegal. But, Protestantism, in many ways, was more traditional than what was in place before. If conservatism is defined as traditional values is was in fact a conservative force that took over Britain and many other countries within Western Europe. This contradicts the view that conservative religion reinforces values and norms with societies. Marxists argue that religion is a conservative force as it does not bring about social change. Many of the traditional values which many churches hold are values which are the same as middle class or are to the benefit of middle class. As they do not change Marxists believe that religion is the force behind this and are therefore a conservative, not a progressive force. Fundamentalists are traditionally seen as conservative religious forces. Taylor defines involvement in fundamentalism as those who believe that there is a challenge to the ultimate authority which the believe in; people who do not tolerate this challenge, they can reaffirm their belief in that authority and oppose those who challenge their beliefs. The reason fundamentalist are usually found to be religious is that according to this view fundamentalism involves the conservative reassertion of beliefs and, usually, action against any change. Conservative fundamentalists are most notably found to be a big force in the USA. They may hold traditional conservative Christian values but they are a progressive movement as they see the USA as declining away from the those values and especially the world. This movement is a return to old values and the reinstatement of them, such as a return to creationalism within schools. This movement is also forceful in that it holds a lot of power with America and its electoral system. President Bust who was elected for two terms manage to get elected mainly on a traditional conservative values campaign, showing that the conservative religion movement is huge within such a powerful advanced modern country. But even conservative fundamentalists can bring about progress change as what they believe are traditional values can differ from what other people believe for traditional values. This is especially true with Islam as within Islam are many different fundamentalist groups, all of whom are interpreting true Islam in different ways. The Sacred Brethren is also an example of a sect which can be seen as conservative and yet does rapidly change. When the leader of this sect died and someone else took over its values changed and although it remained a conservative force it was still resulting in change, not just reinstating its traditional values. And, fundamentalist can be progressive and bring about social change in other ways. In Iran the bringing back of traditional Islamic values brought major change as it overthrew the Iranian Government, in-stating new laws and values. Even tough it was a return to traditional values and came within a conservative force it was still progressive in bringing about change. Religion obviously differs a lot, not just in belief, and it can be spilt into progressive or conservative. But, even with this it can differ when you take into account the conservative religions which bring about change. Even though the evidence points towards sects and progressive religions being the future for this world as they increase their membership as conservative religions decrease their membership. But in countries such as the USA it is conservative religions which are increasing in power, which means the conservative religion and more power within societies. s manage to get elected mainly on a traditional conservative values campaign, showing that the conservative religion movement is huge within such a powerful advanced modern country.

Disneyland Hong Kong Essay

1. What led to the eventual woes experienced by Hong Kong Disneyland in its first year of operation? How should Hong Kong Disneyland rectify its market situation? The venture into Hong Kong by Walt Disney was a simple example of a large successful western company not doing its homework. The case presents a clear picture of the importance of understanding a foreign market thoroughly before doing business there. Several factors led to an unsuccessful first year of operations and a majority of these factors could have been avoided with a better cultural understanding in the planning stages. One of the culture differences that was obvious to Disney was the fact that the children are not familiar with the Disney characters. Disney has established its brand and is a marketing poster child in the United States, however this advantage goes out the window in a country such as china that has sheltered itself from the outside world until recently. Disney thought that making a meager attempt at introducing the characters before the launch of the park would help, however familiarity isn’t synonymous with brand attachment. As listed in Global Marketi ng Management by Kotable & Helson, â€Å"Cultural Distance† is one of the six external criteria for choosing a mode of entry into a foreign territory, which was not accounted for by Disney. Cultural distance also recognizes the fact that different cultures have different expectations. This was also the case with China. As stated in the case, â€Å"for the tourists of Mainland China, going to Hong Kong means a shopping experience, and so they choose the cheaper alternative to Hong Kong Disneyland†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The case goes on to allude to the fact that the culture in China is one about dollars and cents – when a Chinese person spends his/her money, they are more interested in what they are physically getting. This is very culturally different from a Western vacation where relaxation and experience is the expectation. Disney does a great job at providing a  magical experience, but in my opinion this is what led to their struggle in Hong Kong – the Chinese tourists do not value that very magical experience that westerners do. There were also other factors such as neglecting to do homework on how Chinese tourists select a destination. The Chinese tend to have a strong relationship with travel agents where as in the U.S a vacation is generally booked online without any personal interaction. Failing to account for these small differences coupled with the lack of brand attachment created nothing but an overpriced theme park. All hope is not lost however! Hong Kong is a huge tourist market and there is plenty of opportunity, but the only way for Disney to rectify its market situation is to bridge the gap of cultural distance. One way to do this would be to add an educational element to their park. The case notes that the Chinese put a premium on education, and in this culture the parents are the ones making the decisions – so appeal to them and attract more people. If Disney wants to succeed it needs to also remember what made it so successful in the U.S. After year one it is clear that their brand is not established and would not do all the work for them, and must take the necessary steps to reestablish themselves all over again. It must create a magical feeling in every Chinese child hearts as well as fit the consumer expectations of their parents. 2. To what extend could Hong Kong Disneyland adapt its product to Chinese consumers without diluting its image? Hong Kong Disney obviously requires a lot of changes in order to be successful – but at what point to these changes start impacting its brand? Being such a different culture from Disney’s main operations, China presents a challenge in that Disney is at risk of tarnishing its name if it changes its product to suit the Chinese expectations. The best way to handle this would be to introduce characters and elements of the theme park that are brand new to China, and not introduce them anywhere else. Instead of using Mickey Mouse as the brand image they can introduce something completely new – and after due time this could be successful because it is not as though the Chinese consumer has any attachment to the already established brand, as a matter of fact they are not even familiar with it. It can also change the layout of its parks. China is more interested in taking home physical items  rather than memories so why fill up the park with aesthetically pleasing creations? Instead they can introduce bigger rides in order to allow for pictures. They can even put a super-sized mall within their park in order to establish a collection-type phenomenon surrounding Disney products in China. The text refers to this strategy as â€Å"International Market Segmentation.† A list of reasons is given by Kotable & Helson for the segment approach, and the first one is â€Å"Identifiable – The segments should be easy to define and measure.† A country like China certainly calls for this approach because of the potential dilution of brand image, however by keeping the Hong Kong Disney defined as just that – Hong Kong – the brand in the United States will be unharmed. 3. How should Hong Kong Disneyland address competition? Hong Kong Disneyland’s main competition is Ocean Park, a â€Å"homegrown† theme park. First Disney must recognize the advantage that Ocean Park has over them. Ocean Park has an advantage in that it understands the battlefield, so to speak. It is a Chinese company and it understands the expectations of its consumer. There is brand recognition and a little bit of loyalty since it was established in China. They have a popular educational segment which bodes well with the Chinese and generally provide a good overall experience for the price. They are recognized as the best way that Disneyland can separate itself is through differentiation – they have to make their product unique. Another way that they can address competition is by going after a different part of the market. As stated on Ocean Parks website, a midweek ticket is 320 HK which translates to about 40 bucks in US dollars. A potential opportunity might be to offer Disneyland as the premium option. At 40$, O cean Park offers a pretty cheap admission and there is not much room to beat their price, however by offering upscale restaurants and shops, Disneyland can capture the upper echelon of tourists. Through differentiation and a focused market, Hong Kong Disneyland can coexist with the large and established Ocean Park.

Carriage of goods by sea Outline Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Carriage of goods by sea - Outline Example act, the carrier of the corresponding carrier contract is wholly liable for the loses or eventual damage conducted on the goods he or she delivers unless the cause of the loss emanates from dangers of excepted perils. The carrier is conspicuously entitled to limits of liability regarding any prevailing conditions of the contract. Some of the typical court cases exhibited in attempts to solve judicial system or legal challenges expected in the legal field. Federal marine terminal versus Worcester peat Co in the first circuit of the court appeals revolved around this sea complaint issue. Historically, the courts have had challenges imposing demurrage liability on the parties that exhibits neither signatory, possessor or successor on the documents that entails or expressly or by incorporation conforms to demurrage, the extensive loading of the stevedore who was essentially not in the conventional privities are not entirely involved in the demurrage that the involved shipper was required to pay with regards to the frequented delays in the loading of the cargo ; peat moss. Stevedore was inherently not found liable for the loss of the vessel due to the noted delays exposed as the shipper failed to substantiate the evidence of the amount peat moss was lost in the process of loading ant also could establish the quan tity of the lost amount was far above the anticipated nature of cargo.2 In the case entailing Senator Linie versus Sunway Line the second court of appeals on may 17, 2002 major and critical stem of the case was on the relevance of the passing of judgment regarding a case where the entailed shipper or carrier had constructive knowledge of the exhibited perilous nature of the cargo, 46 U.S.C. Â § 1304(6) permits strict liability to the shipper for damages and the prevailing expenses arisen from the eventual shipment of the goods delivered. The law hence compelled the shipper

Media and Public Life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Media and Public Life - Essay Example Such mobile phones include iPhones, for instance the blackberry phones that comprise of copious features like cameras, data storage, games, and text messengers amongst other composite features. With all these features, it is almost obvious that these gadgets are likely to take over the lives of individuals in the society. This essay shall aim to highlight the concept of mobile phones- blackberry phones- and the implications it has had on the public life. This concept shall also be related to the communication theories, in an attempt to understand the entire concept of media and public life. 2.0. Body The use of cell phones in the society almost has no specific age group. Most persons hold the view that use of cell phones allows them develop a sense of identity in the public arena. Davenport, LaRose & Straubhaar (2009) indicate that the use of mobile phones in the contemporary society can be termed as a compulsory need by the populace. This, on a great percentage, has a lot to do with the way people interrelate with each other in the society. With the introduction of the iPhones, for instance the blackberry phones, the society has in simple terms been reduced to an ‘iPhone society’. The youths are worst affected by the technology. A lot of them have been indicated to constantly be on their phones either making calls, sending SMSs, while others use up a lot of their time browsing the internet, predominantly the social media sites like Face book and Twitter. It is based on the fact that it relates to the hypothesis of Incidental Effects by Aldous Huxley, who indicates that the repercussions of the media have a huge relationship with bootlegging of style and mannerisms among persons in the public (Kumar, 2000). This can be applied in the contemporary society today. The mobile phones have experienced a lot of transformations from the telephones, to larger phones and now internet enabled smart phones. In response, a lot of individuals have gone an extra mile to move with the trendy styles especially the young generation who want to be at par with the sassy trends. Conclusively, the society has been reduced to a generation of calls and texts; thus, an advent of a new short form language that makes it easier to communicate. Turtiainen & Oksman (2004) indicate that the use of mobile phones is not only a device for making calls, but has advanced to be more of a chum to the general public. As indicated earlier, the revolution of the mobile phones has developed in an incredible manner allowing individuals to make a lot of contacts, through their internet enabled iPhones. Since human beings are interactive creatures, the blackberry phones have been of great assistance to improving this form of interactions. Sharing of pictures and chatting with online friends is possible through the click of a button. The limitless possibilities have created a situation whereby individuals are able to develop a social life on their mobile phones as their pass time activity. This kind of life provides a form of relief especially when individuals have been through tough times in their lives. This concurs with the Catharsis theory by Semyour Feshbatch, who carried experiments that concluded that components of the media that were less violent have been useful in reducing the anger and frustrations of individuals in the society (Patnaik, 2008). In the case of the social media, a lot of individ

Inflating Value Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Inflating Value - Essay Example One ethical issue that prevails in Jack’s case is the conflict of interest regarding the moral uprightness in professional undertakings. Apparently, there are conflicting values as to whether Jack should prioritize professional integrity, or whether he should prioritize the interests of his superiors. Apparently, changing the peer group would undervalue ABC Lighting and increases the potential of upsetting superiors, especially the managing director and the client; hence compromising Jack’s prospects of being touched by the investment bank after graduation. On the contrary, knowingly inflating the value of the company constitutes the lack of integrity in duty performance. In essence, conflicts of interest emerge whenever employees feel obliged to please and respect a rigid chain of command within an organization. When under conflicts of interest, employees are expected to uphold the ethical principle of integrity.Apparently, the investment bank has an extremely strict c hain of command. In such organizational cultures, subordinate employees can only report to their immediate superiors. Therefore, Jack should report the issue to David, his Associate. As a financial analyst, Jack is professionally obliged to perform his duties in an objective and accurate manner. Therefore, he should mention that to the best of his knowledge, the peer group selected for the valuation exercise by his Associate is not accurate, and that he is technically conflicted as to whether due diligence should be followed in selecting companies to form the right peer group.

Technical report on hydrogen experiment Assignment Essay

Technical report on hydrogen experiment Assignment - Essay Example figures Figure 1 preparation of the electrolyzer module 6 Figure 2 Filling the syringe with distilled water 7 Figure 3 Placing inner containers 7 Figure 4 Connecting tubes 8 Figure 5 Using fuel cells and solar panel 8 Figure 6 Inserting batteries 10 Figure 7 Assembling electrical fans 10 Figure 8 Connecting the motor to reversible fuel cell 11 Figure 9 Using solar panel 11 Introduction Hydrogen derived from renewable sources such as wind and solar is clean, self-sufficient and a permanent energy solution for sustainable development. A kilogram of hydrogen is roughly equivalent to a gallon of gasoline in energy content. (Johanna L, 2007) This makes hydrogen a technology of the future in reducing reliance on imported fuel and greenhouse gas emissions. Hydrogen could be produced from fossil fuels using steam reforming, which emits CO2 and expensive ways such as catalytic cracking without CO2 emissions. This pathway is more cost-effective. Water electrolysis is an efficient and expensive way because of its high electricity requirement. For instance, a study (Khan M.J., Iqbal M.T., 2005) stated that assuming an electricity cost of $0.05/kwh, nearly nowadays price of wind produced electricity; hydrogen made from water electrolysis costs more than $2.84/kg based on higher heating value. Hydrogen produced from photovoltaic is also expensive because of high PV electricity cost.( Sherif S.A. et al, 2005) Wind produced electricity, on the other hand, is becoming more competitive nowadays. Therefore, it can produce less expensive hydrogen. Electrolysis: The general principle in electrolysis is that water is supplied to an electrochemical cell, and hydrogen evolves at the anode while oxygen evolves at the cathode when the supplied energy is greater than the zero current cell potential. Alkaline electrolysis is commercially available technology. It takes place at a temperature around 800C and pressure of 1-30bar.( US department of energy, 2010) Fuel cells: Fuel cells are ele ctrochemical devices that convert chemical energy in fuel to electrical energy with high efficiency and low environmental impact. Because combustion is avoided, they produce power with minimum pollution. They contain electrodes anode and cathode separated by an electrolyte. Fuels such as hydrogen or hydrogen rich synthesis gas, are supplied to the anodes while the oxidant is fed to the cathodes. The most common oxidant is oxygen from air. Electrochemical reaction occurs in the electrolyte producing current while deriving external load.( Fuel cell Handbook, 2010) Materials and Methods Preparation of the Electrolyzer Module and Solar Powered Hydrogen Production 1. Insert the reversible fuel cell, terminals on top, into the slot on the base. Cut 2 x 4cm length pieces of rubber tube and insert a black pin into the end of one tube. Place the tube with the black pin into the top pin on the hydrogen side (with black terminal). Place the other tube firmly onto the top input nozzle on the ox ygen side. Figure 1 preparation of the electrolyzer module 2. Fill

Quantative methods report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Quantative methods report - Essay Example of categorical variables 2. The measures of centre includes arithmetic mean, geometric mean, harmonic mean, median and mode where as the measures of spread are given by range, mean deviation, quartile deviation and standard deviation. The measures of shape are skewness and measures of position is kurtosis. 3. Event: Any activity subjected to experiment is called as an event. For example in tossing of an unbiased coin (experiment) the occurrence of head and tail are events. Since in any unbiased coin either head or tail can occur, they put together in a set is known as sample space. The sample space in a coin tossing experiment is S={H,T}. Similarly the sample space in throwing of a die is S={1,2,3,4,5,6}. Marginal probability is a measure of occurrence of an event keeping the occurrence of the other event as constant in jointly occurring events. The probability of joint occurrence of two events either independent or dependent is p(x,y)=pij where i=1 to m; j=1 to n; when x and y are d iscrete or else f(x,y)=fxy where x and y are both continuous. 4. The return is an expected value for an investment involving normal percentage values whereas the risk is the measure of uncertainity usually having a negative impact on return. The risk as per standard norms is 1 and if the value of risk is below 1 it is considered to be less risky and if the value of risk is above 1, it is considered to be highly risky. Suppose the return and risk involved in an investment is given in the following table as Table 2: Sample table indicating nature of investment Investment nature Stocks Bonds Real Estate Probability for investing 0.4 0.25 0.35 Return % 13% 8% 10% Risk 1.2 0.85 1.25 Note: The total investment is 250,000 (say), we can formulate a strategy to maximize the return based on the risk and return involved. Discrete distribution is concerned with the distribution of a variable which is countable or finite. For example in tossing of a die, the outcome is a discrete random variable and its distribution of the outcomes 1,2,3,4,5 and 6 can be described in the form P(X=x)=pi= where x takes any value 1,2,3,4,5 or 6 whereas a continuous random variable takes any value between a range of values (in an interval); for example if the frequency of arrival of a bus is 30 minutes and if we define the waiting time for a bus as a continuous random variable x, then the distribution of waiting time is given by f(x)= 0?x?30 =0 otherwise. 5. The sampling distribution is a distribution of the sample measures where the sample of size n is drawn out of a population of size N. If any random sample of size n is taken from a normal population of size N, then the sample mean is x and the distribution of sample mean is having expected value ? and variance ?2/n. ie. if the population is normal with mean ? and variance ?, then the sample will be having mean  with E()=? and SD is SE()= . The central limit theorem says that if a sample of size n having values x1, x2, x3....... ,xn follows normal distribution with mean ? and v

Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Management - Essay Example In this context, the management of risk has become an indispensable part of strategic management. It should be noted that the risk management approaches used by businesses worldwide are not standardized. This means that organizations of different size and characteristics can choose the risk management approach that best suits to their needs. Current paper focuses on risk as an element of the project management. Reference is made to a particular company, the Informative Web Systems (IWS). The firm operates in the Australian market for about a decade. Since last year, the performance of the firm has been deteriorated, being decreased for about 8% compared to 2009. The failures of the project risk management of the firm have been considered as responsible for this outcome. The current project risk management of the firm is evaluated compared to other project risk management approaches – as presented in the literature. ... In businesses the effects of risk are usually related to the decrease of organizational performance. The level at which risk can be estimated by reviewing the common consequences of similar risks in businesses operating in the same industrial sector (Khosrowpour 2001, 142). In accordance with Kaye and Graham (2006, 6) one of the most usual characteristics of risk is that it cannot be fully eliminated; it can always appear, in different forms, even it has been already faced successfully. Moreover, Bowden, Lane and Martin (2001, 5) note that the failures in managing risk can have a series of consequences for the businesses involved, including ‘sanctions for directors, civil claims and legal costs’ (Bowden, Lane and Martin 2001, 5). The effective management of risk means that risk related to the operations of a particular organization is effectively identified and addressed (Bowden, Lane and Martin 2001, 165). Referring specifically to the risks related to projects, Merna a nd Al-Thani (2008, 42) noted that the management of such risk refers to a series of non-monetary issues/ needs, such as: environment, people, ethics and quality (Merna and Al-Thani, 2008, 42). 2.2 Project risk management approaches in Informative Web Systems (IWS) 2.2.1 Project risk management in IWS - overview One of the priorities of the project risk management approach used in Informative Web Systems is the limitation of risk in the beginning of each project – reference is made to the risks related to the initial phases of the firm’s projects. Because of the need for continuous update of the technology involved in the development of the firm’s project, the risk management approach developed by the firm’s managers has been based on the following principles: a) risk related to

EDU 636 DB 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

EDU 636 DB 3 - Essay Example The biggest advantage of e-learning is that the person who is receiving the training can schedule the classes according to the student’s schedule. An e-learning classroom is self-paced, and the student does not need to turn in assignments according to a schedule, (N. A., N. D.). There are also many disadvantages to an e-learning environment. One of the biggest disadvantages is that students who are not motivated will not complete the course on time, and students often a feel isolated because there is not traditional and unique learning experience, (N. A., N. D.). Students who begin to feel isolated at the lack of intercommunication with the learning environment may become lonely, and begin to fall behind because the student became unmotivated to complete assignments on time. Computer-based training is a way for students to earn a college degree while online. Just like e-learning computer-based training has many advantages, and disadvantages. Some of the advantages, and disadva ntages of a computer-based training program can be similar to the advantages and disadvantages of e-learning. The biggest advantage of computer-based training is the lower costs involved for students when students enroll in a computer-based training course. Also, assignments and classes can be scheduled around the students person schedule. However, assignments usually have a deadline.

The Effect of Prenatal Alcohol Exposure Essay Example for Free

The Effect of Prenatal Alcohol Exposure Essay Introduction: Alcohol is a drug with a depressant effect. Alcohol can negatively affect your brain, liver, central nervous system, and heart. The immediate effects of alcohol consumption are delayed reflexes and slurred speech. Since it is a depressant, alcohol slows down your brain. Consuming alcohol regularly can also lead to alcoholism. Alcoholism is a long-term chronic disease, it is when you a mentally or physically addicted to alcohol. Alcohol is a dangerous drug and should be consumed, if at all, under moderation. A teratogen is any agent that can damage a fetus and therefore cause a birth defect. Alcohol is one of the most dangerous teratogens. There is no proven safe level of alcohol consumption during pregnancy. Every time a pregnant woman has a drink, the alcohol enters her bloodstream. It crosses the placenta and enters the fetus through the umbilical cord. So every time a pregnant woman has a drink, her baby does too! The blood alcohol level of the fetus is therefore equal to or greater than the blood alcohol level of the mother. Though the mother can break down the alcohol, the fetus’ underdeveloped body cannot. Thus, it maintains the blood alcohol level for much longer. You can imagine that fetus’ have a very low tolerance for alcohol. Exposure to alcohol affects almost every part of a fetus’ body. The brain, face, ears, eyes, bones, kidney, and heart are all affected by alcohol. It causes blood vessels to constrict and disrupts the blood flow in the placenta. Oxygen and nourishment are thus prevented from entering the developing fetus. Cell deaths caused by alcohol cause different parts of the fetus to develop abnormally. The development of nerve cells is also affected by alcohol, which may impact the way the brain develops, and functions. The brain is the most vulnerable to alcohol exposure since it is developing throughout pregnancy. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome is a life long condition with effects such as mental retardation, growth deficiency, abnormal facial features, and central nervous system problems. It develops in babies whose mother drank excessive levels of alcohol during pregnancy. Since no level of alcohol consumption is considered safe during pregnancy, it is highly recommended not to drink at all. Surveys shows that approximately 130,000 women have admitted to consuming levels of alcohol where Fetal Alcohol Syndrome is possible. 40,000 women, unfortunately give birth to a baby with suffers from Fetal Alcohol Syndrome. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome is the most serve of the Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders. Babies with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome have central nervous system damage. Since of the prenatal alcohol exposure, the brain cells are either underdeveloped or malformed. It is the number one cause for mental retardation. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome not only causes cognitive disabilities, but also functional disabilities. Unfortunately, Fetal Alcohol Syndrome is permanent and incurable. It not only affects the baby, but the family that must raise the baby. One of the symptoms of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome is growth deficiency. Anyone with a growth deficiency is either underweight, under height, or both. Those who suffer from it fall below the tenth percentile of standardized growth charts. Severe growth deficiency is defined when height and weight are either less than or equal to the third percentile. Moderate growth deficiency is when the height or the weight is either less than or equal to the third percentile. While mild growth deficiency is when both weight and height are between the third and tenth percentile. â€Å" In classic cases, FAS children grow taller at about 60 percent of the normal rate through early childhood, while their weight increases at about 33 percent of the normal rate. Thus, they appear unusually slender or even malnourished despite an adequate diet. (Jon M Aase, MD 1998) † The children will remain smaller than ninety percent of other same aged normal children. Another symptom of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome is abnormal facial features. The presence of abnormal facial feature indicates brain damage. Three facial features that are unique to Fetal Alcohol Syndrome are a smooth philtrum, thin vermilion, and small palpebral fissures. A smooth philtrum means the groove between the nose and upper lip is flatter than normal. The higher the prenatal alcohol exposure, the flatter the groove. Small palpebral fissure is smaller eye width than normal and thin vermilion is a thinner upper lip. The last symptom of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome is central nervous system damage. There are thee areas to determine the magnitude of central nervous system damage. They are structural, neurological, and functional. Structural abnormalities can be seen such as small head size or abnormal brain structure. Structural abnormalities usually occur during the third trimester of pregnancy when alcohol affects the organization of brain cells. Neurological problems can also affect the peripheral nervous system, which consists of the somatic and autonomic nervous system. Some Neurological problems are seizure, impaired motor skills, clumsiness, and horrible hand- eye coordination. Functional problems are often referred to as development disabilities such as learning disabilities, etc. During the third trimester of pregnancy, the hippocampus can be damaged. The hippocampus is the major component of the brain in mammal and responsible for memory, emotion, decoding visual and auditory data, and learning. Damage of the hippocampus usually results in neurological and functional problems. The only way to prevent Fetal Alcohol Syndrome is to not drink during pregnancy. â€Å" A mother must be a heavy drinker throughout her pregnancy in order for her baby to be diagnosed with FAS. Drinking during the first trimester of pregnancy produces the facial abnormalities characteristic of FAS. Drinking during the second and third trimesters affects growth. Drinking during the third trimester results in dysfunction of the nervous system, mental retardation and learning/behavior deficiencies. ( Mesa 1997) † Breast-feeding while pregnant is also a big no-no. Breast milk retains small amounts of alcohol and while breast feeding it is passed onto the baby. Babies with mother’s who consumed small amounts of alcohol were shown to have trouble acquiring motor skills. Mother’s who consume large amounts of alcohol may altogether lose the ability to breast-feed. The ejection of milk from the breast will become difficult. It is recommended to wait two hours if you do have a drink before breast-feeding for the best health of the baby. There are many other birth defects a baby can suffer from other than Fetal Alcohol Syndrome. Prenatal Alcohol Exposures may cause a heart murmur in a baby. A murmur is an unusual sound heard from the heart caused by leaking valve. Another condition is Strabismus. This is when the eyes are not properly aligned. Cleft lip is also another abnormality. â€Å" Prenatal exposure to alcohol can damage a fetus at any time, causing problems that persist throughout the individual’s life. There is no known safe level of alcohol use in pregnancy. (US Health Dept 2007) † So alcohol should be completely avoided during pregnancy. References http://casaa. unm. edu/fas/FAS-Clin. html http://www. mc. maricopa. edu/dept/d46/psy/dev/fall00/Substance/fas. html http://www. cdc. gov/ncbddd/fasd/alcohol-use. html http://www. mayoclinic. com/health/fetal-alcohol-syndrome/ds00184 http://www. marchofdimes. com/professionals/14332_1170. asp#head1 www. cdc. gov/ncbddd/fas/fasprev. htm.

Discrimination Against Women Essay Example for Free

Discrimination Against Women Essay The status of women in India has been subject to many great changes over the past few millennia. From equal status with men in ancient times through the low points of the medieval period,to the promotion of equal rights by many reformers, the history of women in India has been eventful. In modern India, women have adorned high offices in India including that of the President, Prime minister, Speaker of the Lok Sabha and Leader of the Opposition. As of 2011, the Speaker of the Lok Sabha and the Leader of the Opposition in Lok Sabha (Lower House of the parliament) both are women. However, women in India continue to face discrimination and other social challenges and are often victims of abuse and violent crimes and, according to a global poll conducted by Thomson Reuters, India is the fourth most dangerous country in the world for women, and the worst country for women among the G20 countries. History Ancient India Scholars believe that in ancient India, the women enjoyed equal status with men in all fields of life.[11] However, some others hold contrasting views.[12] Works by ancient Indian grammarians such as Patanjali and Katyayana suggest that women were educated in the early Vedic period[13][14] Rigvedic verses suggest that the women married at a mature age and were probably free to select their husband.[15] Scriptures such as Rig Veda and Upanishads mention several women sages and seers, notably Gargi and Maitreyi.[16] There are very few texts specifically dealing with the role of women;[17] an important exception is the Stri Dharma Paddhati of Tryambakayajvan, an official at Thanjavur around c.1730. The text compiles strictures on womenly behaviour dating back to the Apastamba sutra (c. 4th c. BCE).[18] The opening verse goes: mukhyo dharmaH smr^tiShu vihito bhartr^shushruShANam hi : women are enjoined to be of service to their husbands. Some kingdoms in the ancient India had traditions such as nagarvadhu (bride of the city). Women competed to win the coveted title of the nagarvadhu. Amrapali is the most famous example of a nagarvadhu. According to studies, women enjoyed equal status and rights during the early Vedic period.[19] However, later (approximately 500 B.C.), the status of women began to decline with the Smritis (esp. Manusmriti) and with the Islamic invasion of Babur and the Mughal empire and later Christianity curtailing womens freedom and rights.[7] Although reformatory movements such as Jainism allowed women to be admitted to the religious order, by and large, the women in India faced confinement and restrictions.[19] The practice of child marriages is believed to have started from around sixth century.[20]

User Behavior Mining in Software as a Service Environment

User Behavior Mining in Software as a Service Environment Abstract—Software as a Service (SaaS) provides software application vendors a Web based delivery model to serve large number of clients with multi-tenancy based infrastructure and application sharing architecture. With the growing of the SaaS business, data mining in the environment becomes achallenging area. In this paper, we suggest a new metric along with a few existing metrics for customer analysis in a Software as a Service environment. Keywords: Software as a Service, SaaS, Customer Behavior analysis, Data mining in SaaS Environment I. Introduction With the rapid development of Internet Technology and the application software usage, SaaS (Software as a Service) as a complete innovative model of software application delivery model is attracting more and more customers to use SaaS for reducing the software purchase and maintenance costs as it can provide on-demand application software, and the users can adjust the functions provided by services to meet changes in demand. SaaS is gaining speed with the considerable increase in the number of vendors moving into this space[1]. The SaaS model is different from a regular website model. In a regular website model, users of the software directly interact with the software application. But in the case of a SaaS model, users interact with the application through the service provider. The difference between a regular website model and a SaaS model can be shown in figure 1. Figure: 1 II. Motivation Software as a Service (SaaS) is being adopted by more and more software application vendors and enterprises [2].SaaS is beneficial for the customers in such a way that, a customer can unsubscribe from the services whenever he wants which makes it a challenge to manage customer relationships. One of the characteristics of the SaaS business model is that one SaaS service needs to serve a large number of customers, among which considerable portion are customers for whom services are offered on trial basis. As there is competition in the market, both trial and paying customers may move their business to another service provider based on their requirements. It is essential for a service provider to retain the customers from migrating to another service provider. Previous studies show that a small increase in retention rate would lead to a considerable increment in the new present value of the customers. To withstand the competition in the market, a service provider should satisfy the cust omers by understanding their current behavior and predicting their next move like if they are having any problems in using the services, how much are the customers satisfied based on the seriousness and activeness of the customers. III. Related Works A lot of work has been done in the area of analyzing the customers’ behavior on website model. Various methodologies are stated by various authors on various processes in mining the web. In [3] Sindhu P Menon and Nagaratna P Hegde, analyzed the views and methodologies stated by various authors on various processes in web mining. In [4] R. Suguna and D. Sharmila listed out work done by various authors in the web usage mining area. In [5] the authors Jiehui Ju. Et.al, gives a quick survey on SaaS. It covers key technologies in SaaS, difference between Application Software Provider and Software as a Service Provider, SaaS architecture and SaaS maturity model and the advantages that SaaS offers to small businesses. In [6], the authors Espadas et. al, presents the analysis of the impart of a set of requirements and proposes guidelines to be applied for application deployment in Software as a Service (SaaS) Environment. In [7], the authors Ning Duan, et. al, proposed an algorithm and two metrics which work with the collaboration among the users of a customer in a Software as a Service environment. IV. Problem Definition In a SaaS Environment, an effective relationship with the customer depends on how much the status of each customer is understood. In order to understand the status of a customer, it is necessary to study the behavior of ehte customer form time to time. It is necessary to predict the customers’ seriousness and activeness in using the service. This prediction may help the service providers in improving their business strategies. In a business to customer website model, the mining is done based on selected metrics like visit frequency, average depth, average stay time etc. In the case of SaaS model, there is another level of users who actually use the service. So, regular user behavior metrics may not yield accurate results in the case of SaaS model. If individual customer’s user’s behavior is studied, then the difference between the customers may be identified. A lot of research is done on user behavior analysis in regular website model but those methods used for user behavior analysis may not guarantee accurate predictions. So an extra parameter or metric is to be considered. As in the SaaS model, a tenant is the direct customer of the service provider and the actual users of the service are the users of the customers, one way to study the behavior of the customers may be by summing up the individual user’s metrics of a customer to evaluate the customer’s behavior. But this way ignore the individual differences of the behaviors of the users of a customer. In addition to these regular web usage mining metrics if collaboration among the users is also considered in the analysis of customer behavior, it may yield better results than just using the regular metrics. But previous works done in user behavior analysis in SaaS uses only collaboration metrics in the analysis which ignores almost half of the analysis data. The experiment done aims at using collaboration metrics along with another metric which works with the data not considered in the collaboration metric calculation so that all the available data is considered in user behavior prediction. V. Experiment The experiment is done in two phases, namely Data Collection Phase and Data Processing Phase. In the Data collection phase, the necessary data (like server log files, transaction history, etc) are collected. In the second phase i.e. in Data Processing phase, the actual analysis takes place. This phase is further divided into individual modules like preprocessing, pattern discovery, and pattern analysis. Preprocessing is a process of refining the sever log data and transaction history removing noise in data (if any) and populating database for further use in next modules. It includes data cleaning, user identification, session identification, transaction identification. Pattern Discovery is the process of discovering the usage patterns from the cleaned raw log data. As in this experiment, it is not regular usage patterns that are to be considered, collaboration patterns are to be considered. Regular usage patterns are the sequences of activities that are performed by the users individually. But, collaboration patterns are those that are performed by users by interaction. Collaboration patterns are not the transaction patterns rather they are the patterns of users that collaborate to perform a transaction. Definition of Collaboration: Collaboration is defined to happen when different users of a customer work on the same business object during a certain period of time. For example, in a Human Resource management SaaS service, the vacation request is submitted by a regular employee user of a customer and then is approved/rejected by manager user of the same customer. Here two users of a customer are involved in the process of granting a leave. This is called collaboration. After the raw data is cleansed, the data used for collaboration discovery may contain details of the transactions performed by the users of any tenant with tenant id(tid), user id (uid), transaction id (transaction_id) (may also be called business object id), date, time, service id (sid). In this table more than one user may be involved in the completing of a transaction. Algorithm: Collaboration User Set Identification Input: Table 1 that consists of the transaction details Output: Collaboration_Table with collaboration transaction details Initially Collaboration_Table is empty Get first record from Table 1 Insert details into Collaboration_Table While end of table 1 not reached Get next record from table 1 Search for transaction_id in collaboration_Table If found, update collaboration user set and no_of_users Else Add details to collaboration_table as new record Table 1: Sample table showing the contents of Table 1 Table 2: Sample Collaboration Table Pattern analysis plays vital role in the experiment. This module deals with the behavior analysis based on the collaboration patterns extracted above. From [7], there are two type of collaboration. They are random collaboration and repeated collaboration by certain group of users. The first type of collaboration can indicate the activeness of the customer no matter which users are involved in the collaboration process. It can be called as Active Collaboration Index (ACI). The second type of collaboration can be described by the usage patterns among the users of a customer. It can be called Patterned Collaboration Index (PCI). A high ACI value tells that a customer is actively using the SaaS service and if such a customer is still a trial customer, it probably shall be the high priority target to get it converted into paying customer. A high PCI value tells that a tenant is seriously using the SaaS service with relatively strong loyalty, cross-selling or up-selling opportunity can be explored for such a customer. The formula to calculate ACI and PCI are as follows The AppCNorm is the normalizing factor indicating collaboration characteristic of SaaS service. While some SaaS service are rich with collaborations and others may not be. In order to balance the difference among different SaaS services, this normalization factor is employed. Where Pni denotes the collaboration pattern i of customer n, N is the total number of customers, and m is the total number of patterns in customer n. supp(pni) is the support value of pattern Pni, and len(Pni) is the length of the pattern. These collaboration metrics works only with the collaboration data and neglects the remaining data which is almost half of the data. Hence another metric can be added along with the above metrics which considers the non-collaboration transactions. As the new metric is for non-collaboration transactions of a tenant, it can be called Average Usage Index (AUI). This can be calculated using the formula This AUI increases the accuracy of prediction of activeness of the customer along with ACI. VI. RESULTS For this experiment, the data created is for 100 customers of a Software as a Service provider who is providing 6 different components of an application as different services. Among these 100 customers, first 50 are taken as paid customers and the other 50 are taken as trial customers. Table 3: Summary of transactions Table 4: Sample pattern list Table 5: Sample Calculated Metrics From the above calculated values, we can observe that though T0 is a paid customer, less ACI and PCI values indicate that this customer is not using the services to the full and hence revenue generated from this particular customer is not appreciable. Rather, this customer may be planning to unsubscribe from the service and hence is an important target for the service provider to retain the customer. In the case of T45, it has high ACI value, high AUI value indicating active usage of the services and high PCI indicating that this customer is completely migrating his business onto the SaaS service generating the service provider more revenue. Among the sample trial calculated values, customer T50 is active and serious and hence, there is a high probability for this customer to convert into paid customer. On the other hand, customer T89 is not very active and is not serious indicating that he may be facing technical difficulties in using the services and hence should be helped with or is thinking to unsubscribe from the services. Table 6: Summary of Calculated metrics From the above table, for any tenant to be considered active in using the services, minimum ACI and AUI values needed are 1 and 1 respectively and minimum PCI value needed is 2. VII. Conclusion The metrics ACI and PCI are introduced in previous works done by Ning Daun, et. al in [7] which works with collaboration data and leaving the non collaboration data. In our work, a new metric is introduced AUI which considers the non collaboration data also in customer behavior analysis. Still further, frequent pattern analysis can be applied on this non collaboration data to get usage patterns and so the analysis can be further improved. VIII. References [1] Wei Sun, Xing Zhang, Chang Jie Gou, Pei Sun, Hui Su, IBM China Research Lab, Beiing 100094, â€Å"Software as a Service: Configuration and Customization Perspective† IEEE Congress on Services Part II, IEEE 2008. [2] E. Knorr, â€Å" Software as a Service: The Next Big Thing†, http://www. infoworld.com/article/06/03/20/76103_12FEsaas_1.html† [3] Sindhu P Menon, Nagaratna P Hegde, â€Å"Requisite for Web Usage Mining – A Survey†, Special Issue of International Journal of Computer Science Informatics: 2231-5292, Vol-II, Issue-1, 2, pp. 209-215. [4] R. Suguna, D. Sharmila â€Å"An Overview of Web Usage Mining†, International Conference of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887), Vol. 39, No, 13, February 2012, pp. 11 – 13. [5] Jiehui, et. al, â€Å"Research on Key Technologu=ies in SaaS†, International Conference on Intelligent Computing and Cognitive Informatics, 2010, pp. 384-387. [6] Espadas et. al, â€Å"Application Development over Software-as-a-Service platforms†, The Third International Conference on Software Engineering Advances, 2008, pp. 87-104. [7] Ning Duan, et. al, â€Å"Tenant Behavior analysis in Software as a Service Environment†: Service Operations, Logistics and Informatics (SOLI), 2011 IEEE International Conference, pp 132-137, July 2011.

terror :: essays research papers

The next terrorist that had a great impact on the development of terrorism is Adolf Hitler. This man went down in history for the brutal killings of many Jews. This horrible event was called the Holocaust. This act of violence was made because Hitler wanted every Jew exterminated. Adolf Hitler, murder of millions, master of destruction and organized insanity, did not come into the world as a monster. He was not sent to earth by the devil, nor was he sent by heaven to â€Å"bring order† to Germany, to give the country the autobahn and rescue it from its economic crisis.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On the evening of April 20th, 1889 an innocent child was born in the small town of Braunau Am Inn, Austria. The name of the child was Adolf Hitler. His only boyhood friend, August Kuvizek, recalled Hitler as a shy, reticent young man. He was a audience for Hitler, who often rambled for hours about his hopes and dreams. Sometimes Hitler even gave speeches complete with wild hand gestures to his audience of one.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Adolf Hitler had always been straightforward about his plans for the Jews. His deram of a racially â€Å"pure† empire would tolerate no Jews. He roundup Jews and were herded like cattle and put into concentration camps. These were set up in 1933 to detain without legal procedure Jews, Communists, Gypsies, homosexuals and others. During world war II extermination, or death camps were established for the sole purpose of killing men, women and children. In the most Germany, more that 6 million people, mostly Jews and Poles, were killed in gas chambers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Auschwitz-Birkenau became the killing center where the largest numbers of European Jews were killed. After an experimental gassing there in September 1941 of 250 malnourished and ill Polish prisoners and 600 Russian POWs, mass murder became a daily routine; more than 1.25 million were killed at Auschwitz-Birkenau, 9 out of 10 were Jews. In addition, Gypsies, Soviet POWs, and ill prisoners of all nationalities died in the gas chambers. Between May 14 and July 8,1944, 437,402 Hungarian Jews were deported to Auschwicz by 48 trains.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The final terrorist that I am going to talk about is one of the most hated people still alive today. Osama Bin Laden is one of the CIA's most wanted men. Even though he is the most famous terrorist today, he is also a hero to many young people in the Arab world.

Existentialism and Theatre :: Existentialism

Existentialism and Theatre Existentialism is a concept that became popular during the second World War in France, and just after it. French playrights have often used the stage to express their views, and these views came to surface even during a Nazi occupation. Bernard Shaw got his play "Saint Joan" past the German censors because it appeared to be very Anti-British. French audiences however immediately understood the real meaning of the play, and replaced the British with the Germans. Those sorts of "hidden meanings" were common throughout the period so that plays would be able to pass censorship. Existentialism proposes that man is full of anxiety and despair with no meaning in his life, just simply existing, until he made decisive choice about his own future. That is the way to achieve dignity as a human being. Existentialists felt that adopting a social or political cause was one way of giving purpose to a life. Sartre is well known for the "Theatre engage" or Theatre 'committed', which is supposedly committed to social and/or political action. On of the major playwrights during this period was Jean-Paul Sartre. Sartre had been imprisoned in Germany in 1940 but managed to escape, and become one of the leaders of the Existential movement. Other popular playwrights were Albert Camus, and Jean Anouilh. Just like Anouilh, Camus accidentally became the spokesman for the French Underground when he wrote his famous essay, "Le Mythe de Sisyphe" or "The Myth of Sisyphus". Sisyphus was the man condemned by the gods to roll a rock to the top of a mountain, only to have it roll back down again. For Camus, this related heavily to everyday life, and he saw Sisyphus an "absurd" hero, with a pointless existence. Camus felt that it was necessary to wonder what the meaning of life was, and that the human being longed for some sense of clarity in the world, since "if the world were clear, art would not exist". "The Myth of Sisyphus" became a prototype for existentialism in the theatre, and eventually The Theatre of the Absurd. Right after the Second World War, Paris became the theatre capital of the west, and popularized a new form of surrealistic theatre called "Theatre of the Absurd". Many historians contribute the sudden popularity of absurdism in France to the gruesome revelations of gas chambers and war

Styles of Teaching: Banking Concept vs. Problem Posing Essay -- resea

Education is defined as, â€Å"The act or process of educating or being educated, the knowledge or skill obtained or developed by a learning process, a program of instruction of a specified kind or level, the field of study that is concerned with the pedagogy of teaching and learning, as well as an instructive or enlightening experience† (No author). People begin their education from day one till the day they die. Every day we learn new things in different ways. Whether someone is just telling us some random fact or you are sitting in a classroom being lectured by a professor. The main focus of this classical argument involves the learning that is done in the classroom or lecture hall in the schools of America today. The question arose as to which style of teaching is most effective in sparking the minds of the receivers to make them become transformers of their education? Would the â€Å"banking concept† of teaching be more effective, where â€Å"the scope of the act ion allowed to the students extends only as far as receiving, filing, and storing the deposits† (pg. 260). Or would the â€Å"problem posing† style of teaching be the most effective, where by â€Å"responding to the essence of consciousness—intentionally—rejects communiquà ©s and embodies communications. It epitomizes the special characteristic of consciousness† (pg. 265). In this essay I intend persuade you the audience to take in my experiences and the experience of two other authors, whom I will be showing you later, and take a look from my point of view.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Through this essay I am going to try and show the advantages of â€Å"problem posing† style to education. In my opinion this style of education is very effective in expanding the minds of the receiver by making them more interactive in their learning rather than the typical lecture and take notes. In this style of education people teach each other and the teacher is not the only one enlightening the class with their knowledge. I cannot only speak this opinion from my own experiences, but also others who share in the same view sculpted by their experiences. The two authors whom I used for a base of my point of view are Paulo Freire and Richard Rodriguez. Freire wrote the essay called â€Å"The Banking Concept of Education,† in which Freire shows how â€Å"problem posing† education is the most effective way to teach and be taught at the same time. Rodriguez wrote the essay call... ... all, everyone is different in their own respective way and some people might have the ability to simply comprehend all they hear, unlike myself I feel like I teach myself more on my own or with others than if I were sitting down and taking notes. The only problem with just listening during a lecture is that people don’t retain all that information over a long period of time. Most of the information is stored in the brain until that test comes and all the information leaves when you hand in the test.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In conclusion the problem-posing style to education is not only the most effective way in helping a student retain the information, but it also sets everyone, whether it be the teacher or the students, at equilibrium. I am not just speaking from my point of view, but also from Freire. We both came to the same conclusion and based our opinions off our own experiences. This style of education is very effective in expanding the minds of the receiver by making them more interactive in their learning rather than the typical lecture and take notes. In this style of education people teach each other and the teacher is not the only one enlightening the class with their knowledge.

Proposal Online Banking

There has been a fundamental shift in the use of banking delivery channels toward self-service channels such the Internet [Hernandez-Ortega, 2007]. Internet banking, which was introduced in the early 1990s [Srivastava, 2007], makes it possible to replace the manual service functions provided by bank employees, along with the brick and mortar investment required of financial institutions [Dandapani, et al. , 2008]. It represents an electronic marketplace where consumers may conduct their financial transactions virtually [Reiser, 1997; Daniel, 1999].Today, financial service institutions that offer their services over the Internet are keen to accelerate the adoption process, knowing that the cost of delivering the service over the Internet is much less than delivering the same service over-the-counter [Polatoglu and Ekin, 2001]. In addition, Internet banking is an important innovation that presents institutions a vital distribution channel, which could act as a means of attaining compet itive advantage through cost reduction and better satisfaction of customer needs [Carrington, et al.  , 1997; Kassim and Abdulla, 2006; Mols, 1999].In response to the increased competition, banks in Malaysia are starting to leverage the Internet as a means to provide financial services. An empirical study by Sulaiman, et al. [2005] suggests that the adopters' perceptions of e-banking in developing countries appear to be very favorable. In Malaysia, however, despite the authorities? encouragement to the public to adopt Internet banking, traditional branch-based retail banking remains the most common method for conducting banking transactions.For example, Sivanand, et al.  [2004] found that, although more than 80% of their respondents were aware of Internet banking, less than 10% were currently using the services. With regard to information technology adoption, previous studies have suggested that the set of beliefs that influences an individual to adopt the technology may not be the same as the set of beliefs that leads to his or her initial adoption [Venkatesh, et al. , 2003]. According to Kruglanski and Klar [1985], each time a particular goal of an individual is achieved by a specific behavior, the cognitive link  between the behavior and goal becomes stronger.The result is a cognitive goal-behavior link that creates an automatic response behavior (i. e. , habit). This may suggest that factors that are considered by an individual in the initial stage of adoption may be different from the factors that are considered by him or her after using the technology. Repurchasing intention is one of the important constructs being studied by researchers [Soderlund and Ohman, 2003].Zeithaml, et al.  [1996] suggest that repurchasing intention is associated with a service provider?s ability to get its customers to remain loyal (i. e. , repurchase from the company), spend more with the company, and pay price premiums. In online business, the founder of Amazon. com, Jeff Bezos, noted that one way to build a relationship with customers is by observing their purchase behavior over time [Porter, 1998]. In another aspect, previous literature has highlighted numerous barriers to the adoption of Internet banking.One local finding suggests that the adoption of Internet banking is not so encouraging in Malaysia mainly because of factors such as lack of Internet accessibility, poor awareness, and security concerns [Suganthi, et al. , 2001]. Although there is sufficient evidence that the electronic revolution has commenced in Malaysia, Internet banking research, however, is still in its infancy, particularly with regard to the predictors of intention among current users to continue using the services.This study was undertaken, therefore, to better understand the predictors that may influence current Internet banking users to continue using these services. This paper attempts to determine predictors that may influence the current users of Internet banking to continue using the services. Based on the literature reviewed, we strongly believe that trust, compatibility, and ease of use are key predictors of their intention to continue using Internet banking services. The current users of Internet banking services in Klang Valley, Malaysia, were chosen as the population of this study.1.1 Research Question The objective of this study attempts to answer the following research question: Whether Internet banking services in Klang Valley Malaysia is accepted the Internet banking services for the country growth. Whether Internet banking services could improve the performance in Klang Valley in  Malaysia?1. 2 Problem Statement The explosion of internet usage and the huge funding initiatives in electronic banking have drawn the attention of researchers towards internet banking. (Yi-Shun Wang, Yu-Min Wang, Hsin-Hui Lin, Tzung-I Tang, (2003)) Point out the need for research to identify the factor that determine acceptance of internet banking by the user.  (Yi-Shun Wang, Yu-Min Wang, Hsin-Hui Lin, Tzung-I Tang, (2003))This study focuses on the adoption of Internet banking services by corporate customers in Malaysia and aims to gain a deeper understanding of the factors influencing the adoption of Internet banking services by Malaysian, particularly in Klang Valley customers. (Syed Shah Alam, Rosidah Musa, Faridah Hassan, (2009))1.3 Objective of the StudyThe objective of this project is to study effect of Internet banking services in Klang valley Malaysia on determinant of user acceptance of internet banking. Based on this goal, I have come up with sub-objectives to find out the determinants. The main objective why this study is being undertaken is to analyze whether the internet banking is accepted by people at Klang Valley in Malaysia. To determine that people in Klang Valley can adobe and can used it to improve their bank performance in the future.1.4 Significant of the StudyThis information is at least be able to provi de knowledge to researcher and me as well whether there is effect of financial risk management on financial sector performance in Malaysia and also how far the correlation between it.1.4.2 Investor This knowledge can be used by investor about the impact of financial risk management on financial sector in Malaysia when they need to make a certain decision1.4.3 To Generate Further Research With this study and other thousands research, it would be best to generate more knowledge for the future. As done by past professors and researchers, which now are being updated and improved to adapt to new environment and modern civilization. Not all past research can be reliable in the future, that’s why it is important to continuously keep it updated.1.5 Scope of Study The scope of this study are consist of banks in Malaysia and will focus in major area which is in Klang Valley. These studies are based bank in Klang Valley Malaysia. The data is a primary data and will be gathered directly from customer at the area.CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW2.0 Introduction Basically, in this chapter will briefly explain in detail regarding the previous researches that have been done on overall topics about the determinants of user acceptance of internet banking ; an empirical study Klang Valley in Malaysia. There are several arguments favors and against on this debating issues that had been discover through previous studies.2.1 Previous studiesLichtenstein and Williamson from Australian (2006)Used mass media theories through individual and focus group discussion to determine the decision of internet banking adoption. Findings showed that Australian older people with low income reported themselves were lack of awareness towards internet banking and its advantage, lack of internet lack of internet access and internet confidence, inadequate knowledge and support to use or initial setting up procedure, lack of trust, security and privacy risks were among the reasons of not using inter net banking services.Aktas and Topcu from Turkey (2010)Found that security and reliability were among the important factor that influences the adoption of internet banking. This followed by infrastructural competencies and user friendliness among respondents with accessibility to internet, aged 20 to 45, higher level of education and socioeconomic class. The study used Multi-criteria decision aid-based (MCDA-based).Suganthi and Balachandran from Malaysia (2001)Focused on the factors of accessibility, reluctance to changes, costs, trust in one’s bank, security concerns, convenience, ease of use through online survey that potentially influence internet banking adoption. The results revealed that there were positive significant relationships between accessibility, reluctance to changes and awareness with internet banking adoption.Chung and Payter from Malaysia (2002)Study the information, legal statement, order, ease of use, aesthetics effects, performance and others elements of bank that provide internet banking. The study found that a negative significant relationship between age and internet banking adoption among Klang Valley adopters. Monthly gross income and job position level had positive significant relationship with internet banking adoption among Klang Valley adopters. Further, there was no significant relationship between gender, marital status, ethnic group, level  of education with internet banking adoption.Khalil and Pearson from Malaysia (2007)Applied theory of diffusion of innovation (IDT) (Rogers, 1995) that focused on five key belief (relative advantage, compatibility, complexity, trial ability and obeservability) and trust (Mayers et al., 1995) to explore the intention to use internet banking among university students. The results of structural equation modeling showed that trust, relative advantage and trial ability significantly influence attitude. The attitude was play as moderator that influences intention to use technology that is internet banking.CHAPTER THREE DATA AND METHODOLOGY3.0 IntroductionThis chapter will focus on the method that will applied, where the procedures is clearly stated and defined. The data section clearly elaborate on the process of collecting data that needs to be obtained in order to perform the tests while the methodology section elaborates on the types of methods or tests that will be performed in order to determine the effective results.3.1 QuestionnaireData that used in this study is by using the number of 300 executive level peoples with a questionnaire investigation. This is based on the primary data that been collect and obtain by the executive level people in the area.3.2 Research Model and Hypotheses1. Perceived usefulness 2. Perceived ease of used 3. Perceived credibility3.3 Computer Self-EfficacyIn general, prior research has suggested a positive relationship between experience with computing technology and a variety of outcomes such as an affect towards computers and comp uter usage (Levin and Gordon, 1989; Harrison and Rainer, 1992; Agarwal and Prasad, 1999). A related construct, called computer self-efficacy, has been examined in the IS literature (e.g. Compeau and Higgins, 1995; Compeau et al., 1999; Hong et al., 2001). Computer self-efficacy is defined as the judgment of one’s ability to use a computer (Compeau and Higgins, 1995).3.4 Research Framework The research framework in this study provides a picture regarding the relationship between Computer Self-Efficiency, Perceived Usefulness, Perceived Ease of Use, and Perceived Credibility to Behavior Intention. The Computer Self- Efficacy is the main thing to develop to the three and becoming the Behavior Intention. The figure below will show the relationship of the variables.3.5 Research Model This section will briefly explain the research model and methodology related to this research on the determinant of user acceptance of internet banking : an imperial study Klang Valley in Malaysia. Th e research model will be used to find the relationship between the three factors and will achieved the objectives of this study.3.6 Method usedDescriptive statisticThe following definitions are vital in understanding descriptive statistics: C Variables are quantities or qualities that may assume any one of a set of values. Variables may be classified as nominal, ordinal, or interval. — Nominal variables use names, categories, or labels for qualitative values. Typical nominal variables include gender, ethnicity, job title, and so forth. — Ordinal variables, like nominal variables, are categorical variables. However, the order or rank of the categories is meaningful.For example, staff members may be asked to indicate their satisfaction with a training course on an ordinal scale ranging from â€Å"poor† to â€Å"excellent. † Such categories could be converted to a numerical scale for further analysis. — Interval variables are purely numeric variables. The nominal and ordinal variables noted above are discrete since they do not permit making statements about degree, e. g. , â€Å"Person A is three times more male than person B† or â€Å"Person A rated the course as five times more excellent than person B.†Interval variables are continuous, and the difference between values is both meaningful and allows statements about extent or degree. Income and age are interval variables. C Frequency distributions summarize and compress data by grouping them into classes and recording how many data points fall into each class. The frequency distribution is the foundation of descriptive statistics. It is a prerequisite for the various graphs used to display data and the basic statistics used to describe a data set, such as the mean, median, mode, variance, standard deviation, etc. (See the module on Frequency Distribution for more information.)C. Measures of Central Tendency indicate the middle and commonly occurring points in a d ata set. The three main measures of central tendency are discussed below. — Mean is the average, the most common measure of central tendency. The mean of a population is designated by the Greek letter mu (F). The mean of a sample is designated by the symbol x-bar (0). The mean may not always be the best measure of central tendency, especially if data are skewed. For example, average income is often misleading since those few individuals with extremely high incomes may raise the overall average.  Ã¢â‚¬â€ Median is the value in the middle of the data set when the measurements are arranged in order of magnitude.For example, if 11 individuals were weighed and their weights arranged in ascending or descending order, the sixth value is the median since five values fall both above and below the sixth value. Median family income is often used in statistics because this value represents the exact middle of the data better than the mean. Fifty percent of families would have incomes above or below the median. — Mode is the value occurring most often in the data.If the largest group of people in a sample measuring age were 25 years old, then 25 would be the mode. The mode is the least commonly used measure of central tendency, particularly in large data sets. However, the mode is still important for describing a data set, especially when more than one value occurs frequently. In this instance, the data would be described as bimodal or multimodal, depending on whether two or more values occur frequently in the data set. C Measures of Dispersion indicate how spread out the data are around the mean. Measures of dispersion are especially helpful when data are normally distributed, i.  e. closely resemble the bell curve.The most common measures of dispersion follow. — Variance is expressed as the sum of the squares of the differences between each observation and the mean, which quantity is then divided by the sample size. For populations, it is design ated by the square of the Greek letter sigma (F2 ). For samples, it is designated by the square of the letter s (s2). Since this is a quadratic expression, i. e. a number raised to the second power, variance is the second moment of statistics. Variance is used less frequently than standard deviation as a measure of dispersion.Variance can be used when we want to quickly compare the variability of two or more sets of interval data. In general, the higher the variance, the more spread out the data. — Standard deviation is expressed as the positive square root of the variance, i. e. F for populations and s for samples. It is the average difference between observed values and the mean. The standard deviation is used when expressing dispersion in the same units as the original measurements. It is used more commonly than the variance in expressing the degree to which data are spread out.Pearson product-moment correlation coefficientDefinition Pearson's correlation coefficient betwe en two variables is defined as the covariance of the two variables divided by the product of their standard deviations. The form of the definition involves a â€Å"product moment†, that is, the mean (the first moment about the origin) of the product of the mean-adjusted random variables; hence the modifier product-moment in the name. For a populationPearson's correlation coefficient when applied to a population is commonly represented by the Greek letter Ï  (rho) and may be referred to as the population correlation coefficient or the population Pearson correlation coefficient. The formula for Ï  is:For a sample Pearson's correlation coefficient when applied to a sample is commonly represented by the letter r and may be referred to as the sample correlation coefficient or the sample Pearson correlation coefficient. We can obtain a formula for r by substituting estimates of the covariances and variances based on a sample into the formula above. That formula forr is:An equiv alent expression gives the correlation coefficient as the mean of the products of the standard scores. Based on a sample of paired data (Xi, Yi), the sample Pearson correlation coefficient is where are the standard score, sample mean, and sample standard deviation, respectively. Mathematical properties The absolute value of both the sample and population Pearson correlation coefficients are less than or equal to 1.Correlations equal to 1 or -1 correspond to data points lying exactly on a line (in the case of the sample correlation), or to a bivariate distribution entirely supported on a line (in the case of the population correlation). The Pearson correlation coefficient is symmetric: corr(X,Y) = corr(Y,X). A key mathematical property of the Pearson correlation coefficient is that it is invariant (up to a sign) to separate changes in location and scale in the two variables.That is, we may transform X to a + bX and transform Y to c + dY, where a, b, c, and d are constants, without ch anging the correlation coefficient (this fact holds for both the population and sample Pearson correlation coefficients). Note that more general linear transformations do change the correlation: see a later section for an application of this. The Pearson correlation can be expressed in terms of uncentered moments.Since ÃŽ ¼X = E(X), ÏÆ'X2 = E[(X − E(X))2] = E(X2) − E2(X) and likewise for Y, and since the correlation can also be written as Alternative formulae for the sample Pearson correlation coefficient are also available: The above formula suggests a convenient single-pass algorithm for calculating sample correlations, but, depending on the numbers involved, it can sometimes be numerically unstable.Linear regressionIn linear regression, the model specification is that the dependent variable, is a linear combination of the parameters (but need not be linear in the independent variables). For example, in simple linear regression for modeling data points there is one in dependent variable: , and two parameters, and : straight line: (In multiple linear regression, there are several independent variables or functions of independent variables. ) Adding a term in xi2 to the preceding regression gives: parabola:This is still linear regression; although the expression on the right hand side is quadratic in the independent variable , it is linear in the parameters , and In both cases, is an error term and the subscript indexes a particular observation. Given a random sample from the population, we estimate the population parameters and obtain the sample linear regression model: The residual, , is the difference between the value of the dependent variable predicted by the model, and the true value of the dependent variable . One method of estimation is ordinary least squares.This method obtains parameter estimates that minimize the sum of squared residuals, SSE,[17][18] also sometimes denoted RSS: Minimization of this function results in a set of normal eq uations, a set of simultaneous linear equations in the parameters, which are solved to yield the parameter estimators, . Illustration of linear regression on a data set. In the case of simple regression, the formulas for the least squares estimates are where is the mean (average) of the values and is the mean of the values. See simple linear regression for a derivation of these formulas and a numerical example.Under the assumption that the population error term has a constant variance, the estimate of that variance is given by: This is called the mean square error (MSE) of the regression. The standard errors of the parameter estimates are given by Under the further assumption that the population error term is normally distributed, the researcher can use these estimated standard errors to create confidence intervals and conduct hypothesis tests about the population parameters.General linear modelIn the more general multiple regression model, there are p independent variables:  wher e xij is the ith observation on the jth independent variable, and where the first independent variable takes the value 1 for all i (so is the regression intercept). The least squares parameter estimates are obtained from p normal equations. The residual can be written as The normal equations are In matrix notation, the normal equations are written as where the ij element of X is xij, the i element of the column vector Y is yi, and the j element of is . Thus  X is nÃâ€"p, Y is nÃâ€"1, and is pÃâ€"1. The solution is For a derivation, see linear least squares, and for a numerical example, see linear regression (example).3.7 HypothesisThe null hypothesis of the study is developed to cater for the pooling regression model. The null hypotheses are: 1. (A) H01: Computer self-efficacy will not have a positive effect on perceived usefulness of the Internet banking systems. H11: Computer self-efficacy will have a positive effect on perceived usefulness of the Internet banking systems. (B ) H01: Computer self-efficacy will not have a positive effect on perceived ease of use of the Internet banking systems.H11: Computer self-efficacy will have a positive effect on perceived ease of  use of the Internet banking systems. (C) H01: Computer self-efficacy will not have a negative effect on perceived credibility of the Internet banking systems. H11: Computer self-efficacy will have a negative effect on perceived credibility of the Internet banking systems. 2. H02: Perceived ease of use will not have a positive effect on perceived usefulness of the Internet banking systems. H12: Perceived ease of use will have a positive effect on perceived usefulness of the Internet banking systems.3. H03: Perceived ease of use will not have a positive effect on perceived credibility of the Internet banking systems. H13: Perceived ease of use will have a positive effect on perceived credibility of the Internet banking systems. 4. H04: Perceived ease of use will not have a positive effect on behavioral intention to use the Internet banking systems. H14: Perceived ease of use will have a positive effect on behavioral intention to use the Internet banking systems.3. 8 Expected OutcomeUsing the technology acceptance model as a theoretical framework, this study introduced â€Å"perceived credibility† as a new TAM factor to reflect the user’s security and privacy concerns in the acceptance of Internet banking, and examined the effect of computer self-efficacy on the intention to use Internet banking. Provide evidence of the significant effects of the individual difference variable (i. e. computer self-efficacy) on behavioral intention through perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, and perceived credibility.